馬

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See also: 马
馬 U+99AC, 馬
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-99AC
← 馫
[U+99AB] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 馭 →
[U+99AD]
⾺ U+2FBA, ⾺
KANGXI RADICAL HORSE
← ⾹
[U+2FB9] 		Kangxi Radicals ⾻ →
[U+2FBB]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
Stroke order
(Hong Kong)

Han character[edit]

See images of
Radical 187 馬

馬 (Kangxi radical 187, 馬+0, 10 strokes, cangjie input 尸手尸火 (SQSF), four-corner 71327, composition ⿹⿺㇉⿻三丨灬)

  1. Kangxi radical #187, ⾺.

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1433, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 44572
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1956, character 34
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4539, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+99AC

Chinese[edit]

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 馬
Shang Western Zhou Spring and Autumn Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming) Libian (compiled in Qing)
Bronze inscriptions Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Shizhoupian script Ancient script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts Clerical script
Characters in the same phonetic series (馬) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
馬 *mraːʔ
碼 *mraːʔ
罵 *mraːʔ, *mraːs
鷌 *mraːʔ
鰢 *mraːʔ
瑪 *mraːʔ
榪 *mraːs
傌 *mraːs
禡 *mraːs
媽 *maːʔ
Semi-cursive script Cursive script

Pictogram (象形) – a horse with its head facing the left, showing a flowing mane in the wind. In the bronze inscriptions, the head was often simplified into an eye (目 (mù)). The legs eventually evolved into four dots (灬 (huǒ), unrelated to 火 (huǒ)).

Contrast with 鹿 (lù, “deer”), which saw a very different development, and 𢊁 (as in 薦／荐 (jiàn)), which is a hybrid: it has the legs of 馬 (灬 (huǒ)) but the head of 鹿 (lù).

Etymology[edit]

trad. 馬
simp. 马
alternative forms
 
𫠉
傌／骂
𢒗
𢒠
𢒧
𫠉
傌／骂
𢒗
𢒠
𢒧
𩡬
𩡮
抹 Sichuan senses
碼／码 “to bully”
Wikipedia has articles on:

“Horse” – from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *k-m-raŋ ~ s-raŋ. The sense of “big” is derived from “horse”; compare the English uses of horse.

For the insect prefix sense, see 螞／蚂. It has converged with the sense of “big”.

The surname is popularly known to be prevalent among Hui Muslims, where it is likely derived from Arabic مُحَمَّد (muḥammad, “Muhammad”), although the surname 馬 itself predates Islam.

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • bé/bée - vernacular (bée - possibly incl. the surname sense);
  • má - literary (incl. surname).
Note:
  • bhê2 - vernacular (incl. surname);
  • ma2 - literary (used in 馬上, 馬虎);
  • ma6 - dialectal usage ("careless, sloppy").
    • (Leizhou)
      • Leizhou Pinyin: bhe2 / ma2
      • Sinological IPA: /bɛ³¹/, /ma³¹/
Note:
  • bhe2 - vernacular;
  • ma2 - literary.
Rime
Character 馬
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 明 (4)
Final (韻) 麻 (98)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) II
Fanqie 莫下切
Baxter maeX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/mˠaX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/mᵚaX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/maX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/maɨX/
Li
Rong 		/maX/
Wang
Li 		/maX/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/maX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		mǎ
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		maa5
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 馬
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		mǎ
Middle
Chinese 		‹ mæX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*mˁraʔ/
English horse

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 馬
Reading # 1/1
No. 8715
Phonetic
component 		馬
Rime
group 		魚
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		馬
Old
Chinese 		/*mraːʔ/

Definitions[edit]

馬

  1. horse (Classifier: 匹 m c; 隻／只 m c mn)
    騎馬／骑马  ―  qímǎ  ―  to ride a horse
  2. (Can we verify(+) this sense?) horse-shaped
  3. (xiangqi) knight; horse (sometimes only on the black side)
  4. (chess) knight
  5. (Cantonese) horse race (Classifier: 場／场 c)
  6. Original form of 碼／码 (mǎ, “chip for counting”).
  7. big (prefix for nouns)
    馬勺／马勺  ―  mǎsháo  ―  ladle (big spoon)
  8. (Southwestern Mandarin, including Sichuanese) to bully
  9. (Sichuanese) to keep a straight face
  10. (Cantonese, slang) subordinate
  11. Prefix for names of insects, also written as 螞.
  12. Short for 馬祖／马祖 (Mǎzǔ, “Matsu”).
  13. Short for 馬來西亞／马来西亚 (Mǎláixīyà, “Malaysia”).
  14. (Mainland China) Short for 馬克思／马克思 (Mǎkèsī, “Marx”).
  15. Short for 馬列主義／马列主义 (Mǎlièzhǔyì, “Marxism-Leninism”).
  16. a surname
    馬步芳／马步芳  ―  Mǎ Bùfāng  ―  Ma Bufang (Chinese warlord and member of Ma clique)
    馬英九／马英九  ―  Mǎ Yīngjiǔ  ―  Ma Ying-jeou (President of the Republic of China (Taiwan), 2008-2016)

Synonyms[edit]

Dialectal synonyms of 馬 (“horse”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 馬
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 馬, 馬匹
Taxonomic name 馬
Mandarin Beijing 馬, 馬兒
Taiwan 馬
Harbin 馬
Yantai (Muping) 馬
Jinan 馬
Luoyang 馬
Wanrong 馬
Xi'an 馬
Yinchuan 馬
Lanzhou 馬
Xining 馬, 達冒兒馬
Ürümqi 馬
Wuhan 馬
Chengdu 馬
Chongqing 馬, 馬兒
Guiyang 馬, 馬兒
Liuzhou 馬
Yangzhou 馬
Nanjing 馬
Hefei 馬
Malaysia 馬
Singapore 馬
Cantonese Guangzhou 馬
Hong Kong 馬
Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) 馬
Macau 馬
Guangzhou (Panyu) 馬
Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 馬
Guangzhou (Conghua) 馬
Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 馬
Foshan 馬
Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 馬
Foshan (Shunde) 馬
Foshan (Sanshui) 馬
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 馬
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 馬
Zhuhai (Qianshan) 馬
Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka) 馬
Zhuhai (Doumen) 馬
Jiangmen (Baisha) 馬
Jiangmen (Xinhui) 馬
Taishan 馬
Kaiping (Chikan) 馬
Enping (Niujiang) 馬
Heshan (Yayao) 馬
Dongguan 馬
Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 馬
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 馬
Singapore (Guangfu) 馬
Gan Nanchang 馬
Lichuan 馬
Pingxiang 馬
Hakka Meixian 馬
Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 馬
Dongguan (Qingxi) 馬
Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 馬
Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 馬
Conghua (Lütian) 馬
Yudu 馬
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 馬仔
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 馬仔
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 馬
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 馬
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 馬
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 馬
Sungai Tapang, Batu Kawa (Hepo) 馬
Singkawang 馬
Huizhou Jixi 馬
Jin Taiyuan 馬兒, 馬
Northern Min Jian'ou 馬
Jian'ou (Dikou) 馬
Zhenghe (Zhenqian) 馬
Pucheng (Shibei) 馬
Eastern Min Fuzhou 馬
Matsu 馬
Southern Min Xiamen 馬
Quanzhou 馬
Zhangzhou 馬
Zhao'an 馬
Kaohsiung 馬
Yilan 馬
Changhua (Lukang) 馬
Taichung 馬
Taichung (Wuqi) 馬
Tainan 馬
Taitung 馬
Hsinchu 馬
Penghu (Magong) 馬
Penang (Hokkien) 馬
Singapore (Hokkien) 馬
Manila (Hokkien) 馬
Chaozhou 馬
Shantou 馬
Shantou (Chenghai) 馬
Haifeng 馬
Singapore (Teochew) 馬
Leizhou 馬
Haikou 馬
Zhongshan Min Shaxi (Longdu) 馬
Wu Shanghai 馬
Shanghai (Chongming) 馬
Suzhou 馬
Danyang 馬
Hangzhou 馬, 馬兒
Ningbo 馬
Wenzhou 馬
Jinhua 馬
Xiang Changsha 馬
Loudi 馬
Shuangfeng 馬

Coordinate terms[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Descendants[edit]

Sino-Xenic (馬):
  • → Japanese: 馬(ば) (ba)
  • → Korean: 마(馬) (ma)
  • → Vietnamese: mã (馬, “(xiangqi) horse; (chess) knight”)

Others:

See also[edit]

Chess pieces in Mandarin · 國際象棋棋子／国际象棋棋子 (guójì xiàngqí qízǐ) (layout · text)
♚ ♛ ♜ ♝ ♞ ♟
王 (wáng),
國王／国王 (guówáng) 		后 (hòu),
皇后 (huánghòu) 		車／车 (jū),
城堡 (chéngbǎo) 		象 (xiàng),
主教 (zhǔjiào) 		馬／马 (mǎ),
騎士／骑士 (qíshì) 		兵 (bīng)

References[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Stroke order (Japan)
10 strokes

Kanji[edit]

馬

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. horse

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

Etymology 1[edit]

Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ja
English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia
馬 (uma, muma): a pair of horses.
Kanji in this term
馬
うま
Grade: 2
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.[1]

The initial m sound was apparently emphasized,[1][2][3] possibly similar to *mma, becoming then uma or muma, via processes also seen in the word 梅 (ume, mume, “plum”). However, Pellard simply reconstructs Proto-Japonic *uma and treats the mentioned processes as secondary.[4]

The ma sound denoting "horse" is common to a number of languages of central Asia, where horses were first domesticated, which has led some to speculate about a possible cognate root (but no consensus on any kind of relation exists). Compare Manchu ᠮᠣᡵᡳᠨ (morin, “horse”), Mongolian морь (morʹ, “horse”), Korean 말 (mal, “horse”), Mandarin 馬／马 (mǎ, “horse”), and Proto-Indo-European *márkos (“horse”) and descendants such as Irish marc (“horse”, archaic) or English mare (“female horse”). More at *márkos.[3]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

馬(うま) or 馬(ウマ) • (uma)  (counter 匹)

  1. a horse
  2. (shogi) a promoted bishop
  3. a sawhorse: a four-leg stand made of wood or iron for supporting other materials
Usage notes[edit]
  • As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as ウマ.

Etymology 2[edit]

Kanji in this term
馬
むま
Grade: 2
kun’yomi

Shift from uma form, becoming more common starting from the Heian Period.[1] This change later reverted, and muma is now considered obsolete.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

馬(むま) • (muma) 

  1. (obsolete) a horse
    • c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 20, poem 4372:
      阿志加良能 美佐可多麻波理 可閇理美須 阿例波久江由久 阿良志乎母 多志夜波婆可流 不破乃世伎 久江弖和波由久 牟麻能都米 都久志能佐伎尓 知麻利為弖 阿例波伊波々牟 母呂々々波 佐祁久等麻乎須 可閇利久麻弖尓
      [I] received [the permission of the deity to cross] the Asigara slope, and I will cross over [it] without looking back. Will a tough man hesitate to depart? I will go crossing Pupa barrier. [I] will stay and dwell at the cape in Tukushi (9) [that is easy to wear off like] a horse’s hoof, and I will pray [and I] will ask [the deities] that everybody [at home would be] safe until return.[7]
    • c. 935 Tosa Nikki
      ふぢはらのときざね、ふなぢなれど、むまのはなむけす。
      The truth of the time in Fujiwara, even if [I'm] at the boat road, [I] exchange my horse nose (su element is unknown).
    • c. 935 Tosa Nikki
      けふはあをむまをおもへど、かひなし。
      Today even thinking about the blue horse [New Year's festival] is in vain.

Etymology 3[edit]

Kanji in this term
馬
んま
Grade: 2
irregular

Possibly from preform *Nma, ultimately from Proto-Japonic *Cma.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

馬(んま) • (nma) 

  1. (Fukui) a horse

Etymology 4[edit]

Kanji in this term
馬
んーま
Grade: 2
irregular

Possibly from preform *MCma, ultimately from Proto-Japonic *Cma.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

馬(んーま) • (nnma) 

  1. (Kagoshima) a horse

Etymology 5[edit]

Kanji in this term
馬
ば
Grade: 2
kan’on

From Middle Chinese 馬 (MC maeX). The 漢音 (kan'on), so a later borrowing. Compare Min Nan 馬／马 (bé, bée, má) where some of the readings show a shift from initial nasal /m-/ to voiced plosive /b-/.

Pronunciation[edit]

Affix[edit]

馬(ば) • (ba) 

  1. horse
    競(けい)馬(ば)
    keiba
    horse racing

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 “馬”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 “ウマ／馬／うま”, in 語源由来辞典 (Gogen Yurai Jiten, “Etymology Derivation Dictionary”) (in Japanese), 2003–2024.
  4. ^ Pellard, Thomas (2013) “Ryukyuan perspectives on the proto-Japonic vowel system”, in Frellesvig, Bjarke, Sells, Peter, editors, Japanese/Korean Linguistics‎[2], number 20, CSLI Publications, →ISBN, page 85
  5. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
  6. ^ “ウマ [ウマ]”, in 日本の危機言語‎[3] (in Japanese), National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics, 2022
  7. ^ Vovin (2013), p.128

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

馬 (eumhun 말 마 (mal ma))
馬 (eumhun 성 마 (seong ma))

  1. Hanja form? of 마 (“horse (in compounds)”).

Compounds[edit]

See also[edit]

Okinawan[edit]

Kanji[edit]

馬

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings[edit]

Etymology[edit]

First attested in the Liúqiú guăn yìyŭ (琉球館譯語), 1469-1470, as 烏馬 (uma).[1]

In turn, from Proto-Ryukyuan *Mma, from Proto-Japonic *Cma.

Cognate with Japanese 馬 (uma).

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

馬(っんま) ('nma) 

  1. a horse
    馬(っんま)ー草(くさ)食(か)むん。
    'Nmā kusa kamun.
    The horse eats grass.

References[edit]

  1. ^ Lin, Chihkai (2015 August) A Reconstruction of Old Okinawan: A Corpus-Based Approach‎[4], University of Hawaii at Manoa

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

馬: Hán Việt readings: mã (莫(mạc)下(hạ)切(thiết))[1][2][3][4][5]
馬: Nôm readings: mựa[1][2][6][4][5][7], mã[1][2][4][5][7], mở[1][2][3], mứa[6][5][7], mả[1][2], mỡ[1], ngựa[2]

Etymology 1[edit]

Noun[edit]

馬 • (mã)

  1. chữ Hán form of mã (“horse”).
  2. chữ Hán form of mã (“(xiangqi) a knight; any piece labeled with 馬”).
Derived terms[edit]
Derived terms

Etymology 2[edit]

Adjective[edit]

馬 • (mứa)

  1. Nôm form of mứa (“excessive”).

Etymology 3[edit]

Verb[edit]

馬 • (mựa)

  1. Nôm form of mựa (“(obsolete) don't”).

Etymology 4[edit]

Noun[edit]

馬 • (mả)

  1. Nôm form of mả (“tomb; grave”).
    • 19th century, Nguyễn Đình Chiểu (阮廷沼), Lục Vân Tiên (蓼雲僊), published 1916, lines 921–922:
      小(tiểu)童(đồng)庄(chẳng)及(kịp)哙(hỏi)㗍(han)
      𦣰(nằm)陵(lăn)边(bên)馬(mả)哭(khóc)嘆(than)徘(bồi)徊(hồi)
      Before the page has a chance to pay a visit,
      He throws himself down upon the grave, crying, lamenting, fretting.

Etymology 5[edit]

Verb[edit]

馬 • (mở)

  1. Nôm form of mở (“to open”).

Etymology 6[edit]

Noun[edit]

馬 • (ngựa)

  1. Alternative form of 馭 (“Nôm form of ngựa (“horse”).”)

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Trần (2004).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Bonet (1899).
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Génibrel (1898).
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Hồ (1976).
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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