User:Saumache/sandbox
Template:U:la:verb-appended t-starting suffixes
-tiō / -tor, -trīx / -tūra / -turiō / -tus / -tim / -tō, -titō / -tōrius, -tōrium / -trum, -tra
This is part of the Latin series of suffixes starting with a ⟨t⟩ suffixed to verbs.
Usage notes
[change]Verb stems may be modified by the attachment of this suffix in certain predictable or unpredictable ways:
- Stem-final b and g are regularly devoiced to p and c respectively. If the stem ends in a short vowel directly followed by g, this vowel is usually lengthened (due to Lachmann's Law) but sometimes remains short (especially after the high vowel i, as in cōnstrictus from cōnstringō or fictus from fingō).
- Stem-final qu is delabialised, giving c. Likewise, stem-final ngu is delabialized to nc.
- Stem-final v either merges with the preceding vowel (yielding the diphthong au in the case of -av-, or the long vowels ō and ū in the case of -ov- and -uv-/-u-) or is replaced with c. These are the expected outcomes of the distinct Proto-Italic consonants *w and *gʷ, respectively, which merged between vowels in Latin as -v-. However, Latin c in this context does not always descend from original Proto-Italic *gʷ, because analogical changes took place after the merger and affected the distribution of c.
- Stem-final d or t fuses with the t of the suffix, giving Template:m. This is simplified to Template:m if not preceded by a short vowel. Similarly to g-final stems, d-final stems sometimes (but not always) have lengthened vowels in the past participle due to Lachmann's Law.
- For various reasons (including historical sound changes and analogy, often with perfect stems), some verbs with stems not ending in d or t also use the allomorph Template:m.
- Stem-final rg gives Template:m.
- Stem final ll and rr sometimes give Template:m and Template:m respectively.
- When attached to stems of 1st, 2nd or 4th conjugation verbs, the long vowel at the end of the present stem may be retained unchanged, replaced by short -i-, or dropped entirely. It's retained for most 1st conjugation verbs, while it becomes short i for many 2nd conjugation verbs:
Noun stems generally do not exhibit these modifications. There are some adjectives ending in Template:m that originate from s-stem nouns, such as Template:m, Template:m, but otherwise, the suffix is rarely attached directly to a consonant-final noun stem. Most derivatives in -tus from nouns contain a long vowel before the -t-. In some cases, this may originate partly or wholly from the final vowel of the stem (for example, Template:m from Template:m, Template:m from Template:m,[1] Template:m from Template:m). However, eventually these vowels were reanalyzed as part of the suffix; see Template:m, Template:m, Template:m.
- ↑ Template:cite-web. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles. Page 37